Ma`rifat Kalami

Evolution is a theory that has been widely utilized by atheists in the recent century. However, a review of the history of the formation of this theory indicates that its association with atheistic interpretations is not a logical necessity of the theory, but rather the result of the dominance of a specific interpretation thereof. Focusing on the theoretical and historical position of Alfred Russel Wallace, this research demonstrates that the theory of evolution, commonly known by the name of Charles Darwin, initially possessed a teleological reading as well. While accepting the mechanism of natural selection, Wallace emphasized a type of directionality and guidance in vital processes; however, this interpretation was marginalized during the consolidation of the dominant Darwinian narrative. Employing an analytical-historical method, the present study first addresses the conceptualization of evolution, Wallace, and guidedness in life. It then examines Wallace's biography and the reasons for the marginalization of his viewpoint. Subsequently, examples of early and contemporary biologists who believe in guidedness are analyzed, and finally, the consequences of eliminating the Wallacean approach are explained. The findings indicate that insistence on a non-teleological reading of evolution, in addition to depriving science of an alternative and defensible interpretation, has led to unnecessary tensions between science and religion and provided the grounds for the atheistic exploitation of this theory. Accordingly, a fair re-reading of Wallace’s legacy can assist in opening new horizons in the dialogue between science, philosophy, and religion.